The preferred approach is to use Spring’s highest-level template-based persistence integration APIs or to use native ORM APIs with transaction-aware factory beans or proxies for managing the native resource factories. These transaction-aware solutions internally handle resource creation and reuse, cleanup, optional transaction synchronization of the resources, and exception mapping. Thus, user data access code does not have to address these tasks but can focus purely on non-boilerplate persistence logic. Generally, you use the native ORM API or take a template approach for JDBC access by using the JdbcTemplate. These solutions are detailed in subsequent sections of this reference documentation.spring-doc.cn

Classes such as DataSourceUtils (for JDBC), EntityManagerFactoryUtils (for JPA), SessionFactoryUtils (for Hibernate), and so on exist at a lower level. When you want the application code to deal directly with the resource types of the native persistence APIs, you use these classes to ensure that proper Spring Framework-managed instances are obtained, transactions are (optionally) synchronized, and exceptions that occur in the process are properly mapped to a consistent API.spring-doc.cn

For example, in the case of JDBC, instead of the traditional JDBC approach of calling the getConnection() method on the DataSource, you can instead use Spring’s org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceUtils class, as follows:spring-doc.cn

If an existing transaction already has a connection synchronized (linked) to it, that instance is returned. Otherwise, the method call triggers the creation of a new connection, which is (optionally) synchronized to any existing transaction and made available for subsequent reuse in that same transaction. As mentioned earlier, any SQLException is wrapped in a Spring Framework CannotGetJdbcConnectionException, one of the Spring Framework’s hierarchy of unchecked DataAccessException types. This approach gives you more information than can be obtained easily from the SQLException and ensures portability across databases and even across different persistence technologies.spring-doc.cn

This approach also works without Spring transaction management (transaction synchronization is optional), so you can use it whether or not you use Spring for transaction management.spring-doc.cn

Of course, once you have used Spring’s JDBC support, JPA support, or Hibernate support, you generally prefer not to use DataSourceUtils or the other helper classes, because you are much happier working through the Spring abstraction than directly with the relevant APIs. For example, if you use the Spring JdbcTemplate or jdbc.object package to simplify your use of JDBC, correct connection retrieval occurs behind the scenes and you need not write any special code.spring-doc.cn

At the very lowest level exists the TransactionAwareDataSourceProxy class. This is a proxy for a target DataSource, which wraps the target DataSource to add awareness of Spring-managed transactions. In this respect, it is similar to a transactional JNDI DataSource, as provided by a Jakarta EE server.spring-doc.cn

You should almost never need or want to use this class, except when existing code must be called and passed a standard JDBC DataSource interface implementation. In that case, it is possible that this code is usable but is participating in Spring-managed transactions. You can write your new code by using the higher-level abstractions mentioned earlier.spring-doc.cn