对于最新的稳定版本，请使用 Spring Security 6.3.1！Spring中文文档

对于最新的稳定版本，请使用 Spring Security 6.3.1！Spring中文文档

您可以使用安全 HTTP 响应标头来提高 Web 应用程序的安全性。 本节专门介绍对安全 HTTP 响应标头的基于 servlet 的支持。Spring中文文档

默认安全标头

Spring Security 提供了一组默认的安全 HTTP 响应标头来提供安全默认值。 虽然这些标头中的每一个都被视为最佳实践，但应注意的是，并非所有客户端都使用这些标头，因此鼓励进行其他测试。Spring中文文档

您可以自定义特定的标头。 例如，假设您想要默认值，但希望指定 X-Frame-Options。SAMEORIGINSpring中文文档

您可以使用以下配置执行此操作：Spring中文文档

自定义默认安全标头
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.frameOptions(frameOptions -> frameOptions
					.sameOrigin()
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}
<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<frame-options policy="SAMEORIGIN" />
	</headers>
</http>
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {
    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                frameOptions {
                    sameOrigin = true
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

如果不希望添加默认值，并希望显式控制应使用的内容，则可以禁用默认值。 下一个代码列表演示如何执行此操作。Spring中文文档

如果您使用 Spring Security 的配置，则以下内容仅添加缓存控制：Spring中文文档

自定义缓存控件标头
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				// do not use any default headers unless explicitly listed
				.defaultsDisabled()
				.cacheControl(withDefaults())
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}
<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers defaults-disabled="true">
		<cache-control/>
	</headers>
</http>
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {
    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                // do not use any default headers unless explicitly listed
                defaultsDisabled = true
                cacheControl {
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

如有必要，您可以使用以下配置禁用所有 HTTP 安全响应标头：Spring中文文档

禁用所有 HTTP 安全标头
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers.disable());
		return http.build();
	}
}
<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers disabled="true" />
</http>
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {
    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                disable()
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

缓存控制

默认情况下，Spring Security 包含缓存控制标头。Spring中文文档

但是，如果您确实想要缓存特定的响应，您的应用程序可以选择性地调用 HttpServletResponse.setHeader（String，String） 来覆盖 Spring Security 设置的标头。 您可以使用它来确保正确缓存内容（例如 CSS、JavaScript 和图像）。Spring中文文档

使用 Spring Web MVC 时，这通常是在配置中完成的。 您可以在 Spring 参考文档的静态资源部分找到有关如何执行此操作的详细信息Spring中文文档

如有必要，您还可以禁用 Spring Security 的缓存控制 HTTP 响应标头。Spring中文文档

缓存控制已禁用
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.cacheControl(cache -> cache.disable())
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}
<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<cache-control disabled="true"/>
	</headers>
</http>
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
       http {
            headers {
                cacheControl {
                    disable()
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

内容类型选项

Spring Security 默认包含 Content-Type 标头。 但是，您可以禁用它：Spring中文文档

内容类型选项已禁用
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.contentTypeOptions(contentTypeOptions -> contentTypeOptions.disable())
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}
<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<content-type-options disabled="true"/>
	</headers>
</http>
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
       http {
            headers {
                contentTypeOptions {
                    disable()
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

HTTP 严格传输安全 （HSTS）

默认情况下，Spring Security 提供 Strict Transport Security 标头。 但是，您可以显式自定义结果。 以下示例显式提供 HSTS：Spring中文文档

严格的运输安全
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.httpStrictTransportSecurity(hsts -> hsts
					.includeSubDomains(true)
					.preload(true)
					.maxAgeInSeconds(31536000)
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}
<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<hsts
			include-subdomains="true"
			max-age-seconds="31536000"
			preload="true" />
	</headers>
</http>
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            headers {
                httpStrictTransportSecurity {
                    includeSubDomains = true
                    preload = true
                    maxAgeInSeconds = 31536000
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

HTTP 公钥固定 （HPKP）

Spring Security 为 HTTP 公钥固定提供 servlet 支持，但不再推荐这样做。Spring中文文档

您可以使用以下配置启用 HPKP 标头：Spring中文文档

HTTP 公钥固定
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.httpPublicKeyPinning(hpkp -> hpkp
					.includeSubDomains(true)
					.reportUri("https://example.net/pkp-report")
					.addSha256Pins("d6qzRu9zOECb90Uez27xWltNsj0e1Md7GkYYkVoZWmM=", "E9CZ9INDbd+2eRQozYqqbQ2yXLVKB9+xcprMF+44U1g=")
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}
<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<hpkp
			include-subdomains="true"
			report-uri="https://example.net/pkp-report">
			<pins>
				<pin algorithm="sha256">d6qzRu9zOECb90Uez27xWltNsj0e1Md7GkYYkVoZWmM=</pin>
				<pin algorithm="sha256">E9CZ9INDbd+2eRQozYqqbQ2yXLVKB9+xcprMF+44U1g=</pin>
			</pins>
		</hpkp>
	</headers>
</http>
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            headers {
                httpPublicKeyPinning {
                    includeSubDomains = true
                    reportUri = "https://example.net/pkp-report"
                    pins = mapOf("d6qzRu9zOECb90Uez27xWltNsj0e1Md7GkYYkVoZWmM=" to "sha256",
                            "E9CZ9INDbd+2eRQozYqqbQ2yXLVKB9+xcprMF+44U1g=" to "sha256")
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

X-Frame-选项

默认情况下，Spring Security 指示浏览器使用 X-Frame-Options 阻止反射的 XSS 攻击。Spring中文文档

例如，以下配置指定 Spring Security 不应再指示浏览器阻止内容：Spring中文文档

X-Frame-选项：SAMEORIGIN
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.frameOptions(frameOptions -> frameOptions
					.sameOrigin()
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}
<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<frame-options
		policy="SAMEORIGIN" />
	</headers>
</http>
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            headers {
                frameOptions {
                    sameOrigin = true
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

X-XSS保护

默认情况下，Spring Security 指示浏览器使用 <<headers-xss-protection，X-XSS-Protection header> 禁用 XSS Auditor。 但是，您可以更改此默认值。 例如，以下配置指定 Spring Security 指示兼容的浏览器启用过滤， 并屏蔽内容：Spring中文文档

X-XSS-保护定制
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.xssProtection(xss -> xss
					.headerValue(XXssProtectionHeaderWriter.HeaderValue.ENABLED_MODE_BLOCK)
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}
<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<xss-protection headerValue="1; mode=block"/>
	</headers>
</http>
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        // ...
        http {
            headers {
                xssProtection {
                    headerValue = XXssProtectionHeaderWriter.HeaderValue.ENABLED_MODE_BLOCK
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

内容安全策略 （CSP）

默认情况下，Spring Security 不会添加内容安全策略，因为如果不了解应用程序的上下文，就不可能知道合理的默认值。 Web 应用程序作者必须声明安全策略（或策略）以强制实施或监视受保护的资源。Spring中文文档

请考虑以下安全策略：Spring中文文档

内容安全策略示例
Content-Security-Policy: script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/

给定上述安全策略，可以启用 CSP 标头：Spring中文文档

内容安全策略
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.contentSecurityPolicy(csp -> csp
					.policyDirectives("script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/")
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}
<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<content-security-policy
			policy-directives="script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/" />
	</headers>
</http>
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                contentSecurityPolicy {
                    policyDirectives = "script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/"
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

若要启用 CSP 标头，请提供以下配置：report-onlySpring中文文档

仅限内容安全策略报告
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.contentSecurityPolicy(csp -> csp
					.policyDirectives("script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/")
					.reportOnly()
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}
<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<content-security-policy
			policy-directives="script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/"
			report-only="true" />
	</headers>
</http>
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                contentSecurityPolicy {
                    policyDirectives = "script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/"
                    reportOnly = true
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

推荐人政策

默认情况下，Spring Security 不会添加 Referrer Policy 标头。 您可以使用以下配置启用 Referrer Policy 标头：Spring中文文档

推荐人政策
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.referrerPolicy(referrer -> referrer
					.policy(ReferrerPolicy.SAME_ORIGIN)
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}
<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<referrer-policy policy="same-origin" />
	</headers>
</http>
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                referrerPolicy {
                    policy = ReferrerPolicy.SAME_ORIGIN
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

功能策略

默认情况下，Spring Security 不会添加功能策略标头。 请考虑以下标头：Feature-PolicySpring中文文档

功能策略示例
Feature-Policy: geolocation 'self'

您可以使用以下配置启用上述功能策略标头：Spring中文文档

功能策略
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.featurePolicy("geolocation 'self'")
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}
<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<feature-policy policy-directives="geolocation 'self'" />
	</headers>
</http>
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                featurePolicy("geolocation 'self'")
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

权限策略

默认情况下，Spring Security 不会添加权限策略标头。 请考虑以下标头：Permissions-PolicySpring中文文档

权限策略示例
Permissions-Policy: geolocation=(self)

您可以使用以下配置启用上述权限策略标头：Spring中文文档

权限策略
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.permissionsPolicy(permissions -> permissions
					.policy("geolocation=(self)")
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}
<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<permissions-policy policy="geolocation=(self)" />
	</headers>
</http>
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                permissionPolicy {
                    policy = "geolocation=(self)"
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

清除网站数据

默认情况下，Spring Security 不会添加 Clear-Site-Data 标头。 请考虑以下 Clear-Site-Data 标头：Spring中文文档

Clear-Site-Data 示例
Clear-Site-Data: "cache", "cookies"

您可以使用以下配置在注销时发送上述标头：Spring中文文档

清除站点数据
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.logout((logout) -> logout
                .addLogoutHandler(new HeaderWriterLogoutHandler(new ClearSiteDataHeaderWriter(CACHE, COOKIES)))
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            logout {
                addLogoutHandler(HeaderWriterLogoutHandler(ClearSiteDataHeaderWriter(CACHE, COOKIES)))
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

自定义标头

Spring Security 具有一些机制，可以方便地将更常见的安全标头添加到您的应用程序中。 但是，它还提供了钩子来启用添加自定义标头。Spring中文文档

静态标头

有时，您可能希望将不支持的自定义安全标头注入到应用程序中。 请考虑以下自定义安全标头：Spring中文文档

X-Custom-Security-Header: header-value

给定前面的标头，您可以使用以下配置将标头添加到响应中：Spring中文文档

StaticHeadersWriter
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.addHeaderWriter(new StaticHeadersWriter("X-Custom-Security-Header","header-value"))
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}
<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<header name="X-Custom-Security-Header" value="header-value"/>
	</headers>
</http>
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                addHeaderWriter(StaticHeadersWriter("X-Custom-Security-Header","header-value"))
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

标头编写器

当命名空间或 Java 配置不支持所需的标头时，您可以创建自定义实例，甚至提供 .HeadersWriterHeadersWriterSpring中文文档

下一个示例使用 的自定义实例。 如果要显式配置 X-Frame-Options，可以使用以下配置来实现：XFrameOptionsHeaderWriterSpring中文文档

标头编写器
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.addHeaderWriter(new XFrameOptionsHeaderWriter(XFrameOptionsMode.SAMEORIGIN))
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}
<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<header ref="frameOptionsWriter"/>
	</headers>
</http>
<!-- Requires the c-namespace.
See https://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/current/spring-framework-reference/htmlsingle/#beans-c-namespace
-->
<beans:bean id="frameOptionsWriter"
	class="org.springframework.security.web.header.writers.frameoptions.XFrameOptionsHeaderWriter"
	c:frameOptionsMode="SAMEORIGIN"/>
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                addHeaderWriter(XFrameOptionsHeaderWriter(XFrameOptionsMode.SAMEORIGIN))
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

DelegatingRequestMatcherHeaderWriter

有时，您可能只想为某些请求编写标头。 例如，也许您只想保护您的登录页面不被框住。 您可以使用 来执行此操作。DelegatingRequestMatcherHeaderWriterSpring中文文档

以下配置示例使用：DelegatingRequestMatcherHeaderWriterSpring中文文档

DelegatingRequestMatcherHeaderWriter Java 配置
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		RequestMatcher matcher = new AntPathRequestMatcher("/login");
		DelegatingRequestMatcherHeaderWriter headerWriter =
			new DelegatingRequestMatcherHeaderWriter(matcher,new XFrameOptionsHeaderWriter());
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.frameOptions(frameOptions -> frameOptions.disable())
				.addHeaderWriter(headerWriter)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}
<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<frame-options disabled="true"/>
		<header ref="headerWriter"/>
	</headers>
</http>

<beans:bean id="headerWriter"
	class="org.springframework.security.web.header.writers.DelegatingRequestMatcherHeaderWriter">
	<beans:constructor-arg>
		<bean class="org.springframework.security.web.util.matcher.AntPathRequestMatcher"
			c:pattern="/login"/>
	</beans:constructor-arg>
	<beans:constructor-arg>
		<beans:bean
			class="org.springframework.security.web.header.writers.frameoptions.XFrameOptionsHeaderWriter"/>
	</beans:constructor-arg>
</beans:bean>
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        val matcher: RequestMatcher = AntPathRequestMatcher("/login")
        val headerWriter = DelegatingRequestMatcherHeaderWriter(matcher, XFrameOptionsHeaderWriter())
       http {
            headers {
                frameOptions {
                    disable()
                }
                addHeaderWriter(headerWriter)
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}